Classification Of Living Organisms - Classification Of Living Organisms... ~ NEWS: An Update

____ are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes. Kingdom _____ infludes Eukaryotic organisms that mostly decompose organic wastes and absorb nutrients into their cells. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery...Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere in the taxonomic organization of life on the planet. Consisting of two domains, bacteria and archaea, the prokaryotes are the most diverse and Eukaryotes Most living things that are visible to the naked eye in their adult form are eukaryotes Microorganisms are the cause of many infectious diseases. The organisms involved include...This uniqueness of individuals forms on the basis of diversity among the living organism. Biodiversity refers to the diverse or varied forms of living 11. CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION Classification of life forms is closely related to their evolution. EVOLUTION Most life forms that we see today...However, thery are the most diverse group of organisms on our planet. The second largest population of organisms on Earth would probably be Micro-organisms form a diverse group which includes different kinds of organisms, viruses, bacteria, unicellular plants and animals, certain algae...All organisms? i think. New questions in Biology. Tour of the electromagnetic spectrum webquest. What is the experimental group To collect data on my plastic consumption while reducing, I followed these steps: I placed an order in the warehouse on … ce twice a day I place an order at the restaurant...

Microorganisms A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic

any contiguous alive physical entity; entity or being that is living; an individual living thing, such as one animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium. Language. Watch. Edit. An organism is an individual living thing. It is easy to recognize a living thing, but not so easy to define it.Biosphere The surface of earth with all life forms, i.e. union of all ecosystems. It is a highly ordered 3.Environment Ecology at organism level deals with how different organisms are adapted to their 4.Major abiotic factors are: (i)Temperature is the major abiotic factor, which is most ecologically...Furthermore, organisms are individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and The atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. The bonding of at least two atoms or more form molecules. The simplest level of organization...Characteristics of Living Organisms Living organisms all share 7 characteristics which identify them as living. Excretion is the process of getting rid of waste materials produced by the body's metabolism. This includes carbon dioxide and urea in most animals and mainly carbon dioxide and oxygen in...

Diversity in living organisms

Many multicellular organisms consist of several organ systems, which coordinate to allow for life. The most commonly accepted location of the root of the tree of life is between a monophyletic domain Bacteria and a clade formed by Archaea and Eukaryota of what is referred to as the "traditional tree...An organism is a single individual, or being. While it may have many separate parts, the organism As the variety of life on Earth is huge, the definition of organism is still in flux, and Fungi includes mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. Plantae is a large and diverse group that contains everything from...of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life on our planet. Species: Species is the biological group which includes all the organisms which are (or have the potential for) interbreeding= biological species concept Many species were originally distinguished by morphology...Living organisms grow and reproduce to make more living organisms like themselves. This can occur through asexual reproduction or by producing other living A living organism will interact with another living organism -- whether it is the same type of organism, a threat or a neutral organism, there is......Homo, sapiens ° The most inclusive is all living life, 11 million species living ° ° Genus: The category genus groups together closely related organisms which today ° -majority of life on the planet are UNICELLULAR and reproduce ASEXUALLY ° ° Principles of evolution: ° Why/How are there so many...

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"Biological form" redirects here. For the informal taxonomic term in botany, see Race (biology) § Physiological race. "Form of life" redirects right here. For the philosophical thought, see Form of life (philosophy). "Living creatures" redirects right here. For the biblical concept, see Living creatures (Bible)."Fauna and flora" redirects here. It isn't to be at a loss for words with Fauna and Flora International. Escherichia coli (E. coli), a prokaryote, is a microscopic single-celled organism. Amoebae are single-celled eukaryotes Part of a series onBiologyThe learn about of dwelling organisms Index Outline Category Glossary History (Timeline) Key parts Cell concept Biosphere Evolution Taxonomy Properties of Organisms Homeostasis Organization Metabolism Growth Adaptation Response to Stimuli Reproduction Kingdoms of Life Archaea Animals (Zoology) Bacteria (Bacteriology) Fungi (Mycology) Plants (Botany) Protists (Protistology) Subdiciplines Anatomy Astrobiology Cell biology Chemical biology Ecology Evolutionary biology Genetics Genomics Marine biology Medicine Microbiology Molecular biology Organic chemistry Paleontology Phycology Physiology Toxicology Virology Research Branches of biology Biologist (List) List of journals Applications Agricultural science Biotechnology Health era Nanobiotechnology Biology portalvte Polypore fungi and angiosperm trees are huge many-celled eukaryotes.

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any person contiguous system that embodies the houses of life.[1] It is a synonym for "life form".

Organisms are categorised by taxonomy into teams equivalent to multicellular animals, crops, and fungi; or unicellular microorganisms corresponding to protists, micro organism, and archaea.[2] All varieties of organisms are capable of reproduction, enlargement and building, upkeep, and a few stage of response to stimuli. Humans, squids, mushrooms, and vascular crops are examples of multicellular organisms that differentiate specialised tissues and organs throughout development.

An organism is also both a prokaryote or a eukaryote. Prokaryotes are represented by two separate domains – micro organism and archaea. Eukaryotic organisms are characterised by means of the presence of a membrane-bound cell nucleus and comprise further membrane-bound compartments referred to as organelles (corresponding to mitochondria in animals and crops and plastids in crops and algae, all typically thought to be to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria).[3] Fungi, animals and crops are examples of kingdoms of organisms inside the eukaryotes.

Estimates on the quantity of Earth's present species vary from 2 million to at least one trillion,[4] of which over 1.7 million have been documented.[5] More than 99% of all species, amounting to over 5 billion species,[6] that ever lived are estimated to be extinct.[7][8]

In 2016, a collection of 355 genes from the remaining universal commonplace ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms used to be identified.[9][10]

Etymology

The term "organism" (from Greek ὀργανισμός, organismos, from ὄργανον, organon, i.e. "instrument, implement, tool, organ of sense or apprehension")[11][12] first gave the impression in the English language in 1703 and took on its current definition by way of 1834 (Oxford English Dictionary). It is at once related to the time period "organization". There is a long custom of defining organisms as self-organizing beings, going back a minimum of to Immanuel Kant's 1790 Critique of Judgment.[13]

Definitions

An organism may be outlined as an assembly of molecules functioning as a roughly strong entire that shows the homes of life. Dictionary definitions will also be huge, using phrases reminiscent of "any living structure, such as a plant, animal, fungus or bacterium, capable of growth and reproduction".[14] Many definitions exclude viruses and imaginable man-made non-organic life forms, as viruses are depending on the biochemical equipment of a bunch cell for reproduction.[15] A superorganism is an organism consisting of many people working in combination as a single functional or social unit.[16]

There has been controversy about the very best technique to define the organism[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and indeed about whether or not or no longer one of these definition is important.[27][28] Several contributions[29] are responses to the recommendation that the class of "organism" would possibly smartly no longer be ok in biology.[30]

Viruses Main article: Non-cellular life

Viruses are now not typically thought to be to be organisms because they are incapable of independent copy, growth or metabolism. Although some organisms are additionally incapable of unbiased survival and are living as obligatory intracellular parasites, they are capable of unbiased metabolism and procreation. Although viruses have a couple of enzymes and molecules function of dwelling organisms, they've no metabolism of their own; they can't synthesize and arrange the organic compounds from which they are formed. Naturally, this laws out self sustaining reproduction: they may be able to best be passively replicated through the machinery of the host cellular. In this feeling, they are very similar to inanimate matter.

While viruses sustain no impartial metabolism and thus are most often not categorized as organisms, they do have their own genes, and so they do evolve by way of mechanisms very similar to the evolutionary mechanisms of organisms. Thus, an issue that viruses will have to be classed as residing organisms is their ability to go through evolution and replicate through self-assembly. However, some scientists argue that viruses neither evolve nor self-reproduce. Instead, viruses are evolved by means of their host cells, which means that there used to be co-evolution of viruses and host cells. If host cells did not exist, viral evolution can be inconceivable. This is not true for cells. If viruses didn't exist, the course of mobile evolution could be other, but cells would nonetheless be capable to evolve. As for the copy, viruses totally depend on hosts' machinery to copy.[31] The discovery of viruses with genes coding for power metabolism and protein synthesis fuelled the debate about whether viruses are dwelling organisms. The presence of those genes instructed that viruses have been once ready to metabolize. However, it was found later that the genes coding for power and protein metabolism have a mobile beginning. Most most likely, those genes were got through horizontal gene transfer from viral hosts.[31]

Chemistry

Organisms are advanced chemical programs, organized in ways in which promote replica and a few measure of sustainability or survival. The same regulations that govern non-living chemistry govern the chemical processes of life. It is usually the phenomena of whole organisms that determine their fitness to an environment and subsequently the survival of their DNA-based genes.

Organisms clearly owe their foundation, metabolism, and lots of different interior functions to chemical phenomena, particularly the chemistry of huge organic molecules. Organisms are advanced systems of chemicals that, through interaction and atmosphere, play all kinds of roles.

Organisms are semi-closed chemical systems. Although they are person devices of life (as the definition calls for), they are no longer closed to the setting round them. To operate they continuously soak up and unencumber power. Autotrophs produce usable energy (in the shape of biological compounds) the usage of mild from the solar or inorganic compounds whilst heterotrophs absorb organic compounds from the environment.

The number one chemical part in those compounds is carbon. The chemical properties of this part comparable to its great affinity for bonding with different small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and its small size making it capable of forming a couple of bonds, make it very best as the foundation of organic life. It is able to shape small three-atom compounds (reminiscent of carbon dioxide), as well as huge chains of many thousands of atoms that can retailer information (nucleic acids), hang cells together, and transmit information (protein).

Macromolecules

Compounds that make up organisms is also divided into macromolecules and other, smaller molecules. The four groups of macromolecule are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Nucleic acids (particularly deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA) retailer genetic information as a series of nucleotides. The explicit sequence of the 4 differing types of nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) dictate many traits that constitute the organism. The series is split up into codons, each of which is a selected collection of three nucleotides and corresponds to a particular amino acid. Thus a sequence of DNA codes for a particular protein that, because of the chemical houses of the amino acids it is created from, folds in a selected method and so performs a particular serve as.

These protein functions had been known:

Enzymes, which catalyze the reactions of metabolism Structural proteins, equivalent to tubulin, or collagen Regulatory proteins, equivalent to transcription components or cyclins that control the mobile cycle Signaling molecules or their receptors such as some hormones and their receptors Defensive proteins, which can include everything from antibodies of the immune gadget, to toxins (e.g., dendrotoxins of snakes), to proteins that come with ordinary amino acids like canavanine

A bilayer of phospholipids makes up the membrane of cells that constitutes a barrier, containing everything within a cell and combating compounds from freely passing into, and out of, the cellular. Due to the selective permeability of the phospholipid membrane, only explicit compounds can move through it.

Structure

All organisms consist of structural gadgets referred to as cells; some include a unmarried mobile (unicellular) and others contain many devices (multicellular). Multicellular organisms are ready to specialize cells to perform explicit functions. A gaggle of such cells is a tissue, and in animals those occur as four elementary sorts, particularly epithelium, fearful tissue, muscle tissue, and connective tissue. Several varieties of tissue paintings in combination in the shape of an organ to produce a selected function (reminiscent of the pumping of the blood by way of the center, or as a barrier to the atmosphere as the pores and skin). This trend continues to a better degree with several organs functioning as an organ device such as the reproductive machine, and digestive machine. Many multicellular organisms consist of several organ programs, which coordinate to allow for life.

Cell

The cell principle, first advanced in 1839 by way of Schleiden and Schwann, states that every one organisms are composed of one or more cells; all cells come from preexisting cells; and cells contain the hereditary knowledge vital for regulating cellular purposes and for transmitting information to the subsequent generation of cells.

There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are in most cases singletons, while eukaryotic cells are typically present in multicellular organisms. Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane so DNA is unbound inside of the cell; eukaryotic cells have nuclear membranes.

All cells, whether or not prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a membrane, which envelops the cell, separates its interior from its setting, regulates what moves in and out, and maintains the electric attainable of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cellular volume. All cells possess DNA, the hereditary subject material of genes, and RNA, containing the knowledge essential to construct quite a lot of proteins similar to enzymes, the cell's primary machinery. There are additionally other forms of biomolecules in cells.

All cells percentage several similar characteristics of:[32]

Reproduction by way of cellular department (binary fission, mitosis or meiosis). Use of enzymes and other proteins coded by DNA genes and made by means of messenger RNA intermediates and ribosomes. Metabolism, including taking in uncooked materials, construction cell parts, changing power, molecules and liberating by-products. The functioning of a mobile is determined by its talent to extract and use chemical energy stored in organic molecules. This power is derived from metabolic pathways. Response to exterior and inner stimuli such as adjustments in temperature, pH or nutrient ranges. Cell contents are contained inside of a mobile surface membrane that contains proteins and a lipid bilayer.

Evolution

See additionally: Origin of life, Earliest known life forms, and Common descent Last universal common ancestor Precambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. In 2002, a paper in the scientific magazine Nature instructed that those 3.5 Gya (billion years previous) geological formations comprise fossilized cyanobacteria microbes. This suggests they are evidence of one of the earliest known life forms on Earth. Main article: Last universal common ancestor Further knowledge: Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the most fresh organism from which all organisms now residing on Earth descend.[33] Thus it's the most recent not unusual ancestor of all current life on Earth. The LUCA is estimated to have lived some 3.Five to 3.Eight billion years ago (sometime in the Paleoarchean technology).[34][35] The earliest evidence for life on Earth is graphite discovered to be biogenic in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks found out in Western Greenland[36] and microbial mat fossils present in 3.Forty eight billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[37][38] Although greater than 99 p.c of all species that ever lived on the planet are estimated to be extinct,[7][8] it is most likely that more than one billion species of life exist on Earth lately, with the very best estimates and projections attaining one trillion species.[4]

Information about the early development of life includes enter from many various fields, including geology and planetary science. These sciences provide information about the history of the Earth and the changes produced by means of life. However, a great deal of information about the early Earth has been destroyed by means of geological processes over the course of time.

All organisms are descended from a commonplace ancestor or ancestral gene pool. Evidence for common descent is also found in characteristics shared between all residing organisms. In Darwin's day, the evidence of shared characteristics used to be founded only on visible statement of morphologic similarities, corresponding to the fact that all birds have wings, even the ones that don't fly.

There is strong proof from genetics that every one organisms have a commonplace ancestor. For example, every living mobile makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material, and makes use of the same twenty amino acids as the development blocks for proteins. All organisms use the similar genetic code (with some extraordinarily uncommon and minor deviations) to translate nucleic acid sequences into proteins. The universality of these characteristics strongly suggests common ancestry, because the selection of many of these characteristics seems arbitrary. Horizontal gene switch makes it harder to study the final universal ancestor.[39] However, the common use of the identical genetic code, same nucleotides, and identical amino acids makes the existence of such an ancestor overwhelmingly most probably.[40]

Phylogeny

LUA  

Chlorobacteria (permitted identify = Chloroflexi)

Hadobacteria (= Deinococcus-Thermus group)

  Glycobacteria  

Cyanobacteria

    Gracilicutes  

Spirochaetae

    Sphingobacteria  

Fibrobacteres

Chlorobi

Bacteroidetes

        Planctobacteria  

Planctomycetes

Chlamydiae

Lentisphaerae

Verrucomicrobia

        Proteobacteria Geobacteria  

Deferribacteres

Acidobacteria

    Thiobacteria  

Deltaproteobacteria

Epsilonproteobacteria

    Rhodobacteria  

Alphaproteobacteria

  Chromatibacteria  

Betaproteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

              Unibacteria Eurybacteria  

Thermotogae

Fusobacteria

Negativicutes

Endobacteria (=Firmicutes, Mollicutes)

Actinobacteria

  Neomura  

Archaea

Eukarya

Location of the root

The LUCA used the Wood–Ljungdahl or reductive acetyl–CoA pathway to fix carbon. For branching of Bacteria phyla, see Bacterial phyla.

The most recurrently authorized location of the root of the tree of life is between a monophyletic area Bacteria and a clade formed by means of Archaea and Eukaryota of what is known as the "traditional tree of life" in response to several molecular research.[41][42][43][44][45][46] A very small minority of studies have concluded differently, particularly that the root is in the domain Bacteria, both in the phylum Firmicutes[47] or that the phylum Chloroflexi is basal to a clade with Archaea and Eukaryotes and the relaxation of Bacteria as proposed through Thomas Cavalier-Smith.[48]

Research revealed in 2016, through William F. Martin, by way of genetically inspecting 6.1 million protein-coding genes from sequenced prokaryotic genomes of various phylogenetic trees, identified 355 protein clusters from amongst 286,514 protein clusters that have been most definitely not unusual to the LUCA. The results "depict LUCA as anaerobic, CO2-fixing, H2-dependent with a Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A pathway), N2-fixing and thermophilic. LUCA's biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms. Its cofactors reveal dependence upon transition metals, flavins, S-adenosyl methionine, coenzyme A, ferredoxin, molybdopterin, corrins and selenium. Its genetic code required nucleoside modifications and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylations." The effects depict methanogenic clostria as a basal clade in the 355 lineages examined, and suggest that the LUCA inhabited an anaerobic hydrothermal vent environment in a geochemically energetic environment rich in H2, CO2, and iron.[9] However, the id of these genes as being present in LUCA used to be criticized, suggesting that many of the proteins assumed to be found in LUCA constitute later horizontal gene transfers between archaea and micro organism.[49]

Reproduction Main article: Reproduction

Sexual replica is widespread among current eukaryotes, and used to be most likely present in the last common ancestor.[50] This is recommended by way of the discovering of a core set of genes for meiosis in the descendants of lineages that diverged early from the eukaryotic evolutionary tree.[51] and Malik et al.[52] It is additional supported by proof that eukaryotes prior to now thought to be "ancient asexuals", reminiscent of Amoeba, had been likely sexual in the previous, and that most provide day asexual amoeboid lineages likely arose recently and independently.[53]

In prokaryotes, herbal bacterial transformation comes to the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to every other and integration of the donor DNA into the recipient chromosome by recombination. Natural bacterial transformation is thought of as to be a primitive sexual process and occurs in each bacteria and archaea, even supposing it has been studied mainly in bacteria. Transformation is obviously a bacterial adaptation and now not an unintended incidence, because it depends on a large number of gene products that specifically have interaction with each other to enter a state of natural competence to perform this advanced process.[54] Transformation is a common mode of DNA switch among prokaryotes.[55]

Horizontal gene transfer Main article: Horizontal gene transfer

The ancestry of dwelling organisms has historically been reconstructed from morphology, however is an increasing number of supplemented with phylogenetics – the reconstruction of phylogenies by way of the comparison of genetic (DNA) sequence.

Sequence comparisons counsel fresh horizontal switch of many genes amongst diverse species together with throughout the barriers of phylogenetic "domains". Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species cannot be executed conclusively by way of determining evolutionary bushes for single genes.[56]

Biologist Peter Gogarten suggests "the original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data from recent genome research", due to this fact "biologists (should) use the metaphor of a mosaic to describe the different histories combined in individual genomes and use (the) metaphor of a net to visualize the rich exchange and cooperative effects of HGT among microbes."[57]

Future of life (cloning and synthetic organisms)

Modern biotechnology is challenging conventional concepts of organism and species. Cloning is the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically just like some other, with the potential of developing completely new species of organisms. Cloning is the subject of much ethical debate.

In 2008, the J. Craig Venter Institute assembled a synthetic bacterial genome, Mycoplasma genitalium, through using recombination in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments in a single step. The use of yeast recombination a great deal simplifies the meeting of huge DNA molecules from each synthetic and natural fragments.[58] Other companies, corresponding to Synthetic Genomics, have already been shaped to take advantage of the many industrial makes use of of custom designed genomes.

See additionally

Earliest known life forms

References

^ .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"Definition of organism | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. 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External hyperlinks

BBCNews: 27 September 2000, When slime is not so thick Citat: "It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought" SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor download Publication-quality footage Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" Hesiocaeca methanicola In 1997, Charles Fisher, professor of biology at Penn State, came upon this outstanding creature living on mounds of methane ice under 880 yards of ocean on the flooring of the Gulf of Mexico. BBCNews, 18 December 2002, 'Space insects' grown in lab Citat: "Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri...Engyodontium album The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV – one quality required for survival in space" BBCNews, 19 June 2003, Ancient organism challenges mobile evolution Citat: "It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both" Interactive Syllabus for General Biology – BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003 Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila NCBI Taxonomy access: root Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms Citat: "Number of kingdoms has not been resolved...Bacteria present a problem with their diversity...Protista present a problem with their diversity...", Species 2000 Indexing the global's identified species. Species 2000 has the function of enumerating all known species of plants, animals, fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of international biodiversity. It may even supply a easy access level enabling customers to hyperlink from here to different information methods for all groups of organisms, using direct species-links. The largest organism in the world could also be a fungus carpeting just about 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest, and may be as outdated as 10500 years. The Tree of Life Frequent questions from youngsters about life and their answersvteElements of natureUniverse Space Time Energy Matter particles chemical elements TradeEarth Earth science History (geological) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis FutureWeather Meteorology Atmosphere (Earth) Climate Clouds Rain Snow Sunlight Tides Wind tornado tropical cycloneNatural setting Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness WildfiresLife Origin (abiogenesis) Evolutionary historical past Biosphere Hierarchy Biology (astrobiology) Biodiversity Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea micro organism Viruses Category vteHierarchy of life Biosphere > Biome > Ecosystem > Biocenosis > Population > Organism > Organ device > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule vteSelf-replicating organic constructionsCellular life Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Incertae sedis Parakaryon myojinensis Biological dark matterVirus dsDNA virus Giant virus ssDNA virus dsRNA virus (+)ssRNA virus (−)ssRNA virus ssRNA-RT virus dsDNA-RT virusSubviralagentsViroid Pospiviroidae AvsunviroidaeHelper-virusdependentSatellite ssRNA satellite tv for pc virus dsDNA satellite tv for pc virus (Virophage) ssDNA satellite virus ssDNA satellite tv for pc dsRNA satellite ssRNA satellite (Virusoid) Satellite-like nucleic acids RNA DNAOther Defective interfering particle RNA DNAPrion Mammalian prion Fungal prionNucleic acidself-replicationMobile geneticelements Mobilome Horizontal gene transfer Genomic island Transposable component Class I or retrotransposon Class II or DNA transposon Plasmid Fertility Resistance Col Degradative Virulence/Ti Cryptic Cosmid Fosmid Phagemid Group I intron Group II intronOther facets DNA replication RNA replication Chromosome Linear Circular Extrachromosomal DNA Genome Gene Gene duplication Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral component Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat Interspersed repeatEndosymbiosis Mitochondrion Mitosome Hydrogenosome Plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Apicoplast Kappa organism Organs Bacteriome TrophosomeAbiogenesis Last universal commonplace ancestor Earliest recognized life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer JeewanuSee also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial mobile Non-cellular life Synthetic virus Viral vector Helper dependent virus ?Nanobacterium ?Nanobe Cancer mobile HeLa Clonally transmissible cancer Authority keep watch over GND: 4043831-4 MA: 137858568 NARA: 10676357 NDL: 00570259 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organism&oldid=1012775172"